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Home Page > Arts & Entertainment > Television > TV casting director Lori Openden

TV casting director Lori Openden

Posted: Sep 05, 2010 |Comments: 0

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The gig: As controlling carnality admiral of aptitude and casting for the CW, Lori Openden finds all those appealing humans who ample the network’s teen-angst shows, including “The Vampire Diaries,” “Gossip Girls” and the awful advancing “Nikita” and “Hellcats.”

Hardscrabble roots: A built-in Angeleno, Openden grew up poor in a boxy Baldwin Hills neighborhood, area she was aloft by a individual mother and went to Dorsey Top School. “We didn’t accept any money…. We struggled to get by, and I knew annihilation I capital to do I’d accept to pay for myself.”

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Learning the ropes: In top school, Openden got the amphitheater bug but bound accomplished she enjoyed getting abaft the scenes critiquing the actors rather than getting onstage with them. After admission from Cal State Northridge, which she paid for by alive as a nurse’s aide, Openden got an entry-level job at William Morris Agency. “I was a secretary; we were not administration in those days.” She fabricated the a lot of of it. “I took the account of the television administration meetings. I knew aggregate traveling on.”

The big break: At William Morris, Openden networked afore it was alleged “networking” and hustled her way into a position with allegorical ball ambassador Danny Arnold. Within two years, Openden, again 24, had risen to arch of casting for his hit ABC ball “Barney Miller.”

It was an amazing advance that would never appear today,” Openden says, because the industry has become abundant added corporate. “In those days, though, if Danny Arnold trusted me and capital me in that job … I got that job.”

Hoop dreams: Openden’s next move was to Grant Tinker’s MTM, ambassador of some of the a lot of acclaimed television shows, area her casting credits included “The White Shadow” and “Hill Street Blues.” The former, a ball about an burghal school, took Openden aback to Dorsey High, area she approved to acquisition actors who could aswell dunk.

A brace of big discoveries: After abrogation MTM, Openden went absolute and landed the NBC hit “Cheers” as a client. She fabricated her mark aboriginal if she casting a then-unknown Woody Harrelson. As “Cheers” appearance Cliff Clavin would say, “In addition abstruse fact,” Openden aswell casting Michael Richards in a memorable bit allotment that backward with her if she confused on to her next gig, which was as a casting controlling for NBC.

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Forex Pooled Account

Mon, 24 Oct 2011 19:05:57 +0000

Forex Pooled Account

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Home Page > Finance > Currency Trading > Forex Pooled Account

Forex Pooled Account

Posted: Sep 14, 2010 |Comments: 0

| Views: 171
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Before we get started in our analysis of the pros and cons of “pooling” money to maximize profits, reduce or eliminate taxes, and of course personal privacy; we have to say yes we do manage a Private Forex Pool for people we consider friends and acquaintances.

Preliminary details of our Private Forex Pool Account are given at the conclusion of this analysis and interested parties may contact us for information.

What is a “pool account?”

Definition: Any fund in which multiple investors contribute assets and hold them as a group. InvestorWords.com, Web Finance, Inc

Pros

The advantage of a pooled account is the simplicity of setting up one account over a separate investment account for each individual participant.

Source: Destel-Bergen Corporation Retirement Plan Consultants

Pros

Have you ever wondered why the CPI, GDP and employment numbers run counter to your personal and business experiences?The problem lies in biased and often-manipulated government reporting.

“John Williams’ Shadow Government Statistics” is an electronic newsletter service that exposes and analyzes flaws in current U.S. government economic data and reporting, as well as in certain private-sector numbers, and provides an assessment of underlying economic and financial conditions, net of financial-market and political hype.

Source: The SGS Newsletter

Cons

The disadvantage is that the plan sponsor is liable for investment decisions made in the account. In addition, a pooled account will not take into consideration the different investment styles and time horizons of various plan participants. If the plan sponsor invests aggressively, and the plan takes some short-term losses, an older participant nearing retirement could conclude that the plan sponsor did not invest the retirement plan in his or her best interest. The same could be said of a younger employee who would prefer an aggressive investment style, but is stuck in a conservatively invested pooled account.

Source: Destel-Bergen Corporation Retirement Plan Consultants

Pros

The Prosecution’s Case Against Alan Greenspan

Should Alan Greenspan, the former Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board (1987 – 2006), be tried for Crimes Against the Economy, put up against a concrete wall, handed a cigarette, offered a red blindfold, and then executed by firing squad? Yes – absolutely. No question. (And this coming from an anti-death penalty, anti-abortion Catholic.) Herewith, the case for the prosecution. Source: Zero Hedge, Fri, 03 Sep 2010 00:00 CDT

Pros:

UK: George Osborne’s secret plan to slash sickness benefits

Secret plans to slash the welfare bill by £2.5bn for people who are disabled or too ill to work are being up drawn up by the chancellor, George Osborne, documents leaked to the Observer reveal. Source: Toby Helm, Guardian UK, Sat, 11 Sep 2010 06:32 CDT

Pros:

Hedge Fund Manager’s Secret Insider Trading Code: “How’s The Weather In Healthcare?”

A former hedge fund manager basically just bragged that he traded on inside information and doesn’t mind paying the SEC a fraction of his profits on said (alleged) insider trade. Source: Courtney Comstock, Business Insider, Wed, 01 Sep 2010 07:45 CDT

Cons

A forex (or foreign exchange) scam is any trading scheme used to defraud traders by convincing them that they can expect to gain a high profit by trading in the foreign exchange market. Currency trading “has become the fraud du jour” as of early 2008, according to Michael Dunn of the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission. But “the market has long been plagued by swindlers preying on the gullible,” according to the New York Times.

Source: Wikipedia

Pros

30 Statistics That Prove The Elite Are Getting Richer, The Poor Are Getting Poorer And The Middle Class Is Being Destroyed

Source: Robert Reich, The Economic Collapse Fri, 03 Sep 2010 00:00 CDT

Pros

Ripping off Dead War Vets’ Beneficiaries

Wall Street and other financial scammers do it from the living, Prudential and many insurers from the dead, ripping off families of killed war vets.

Source: Stephen Lendman, OpEdNews Sun, 05 Sep 2010 22:07 CDT

Pros

Moody’s Escapes SEC Lawsuit, Now Moves to Shield Itself From Liability

Current and former executives of credit rating agencies are sworn in during a hearing before the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee on Capitol Hill on Oct. 22, 2008. Despite allegations that Moody’s Investors Service, one of the three major credit rating agencies, committed fraud when it failed to fix what it knew was an erroneous rating, the Securities and Exchange Commission announced on Tuesday that it wouldn’t sue the rating agency.

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Source: Marian Wang, Pro Publications Thu, 02 Sep 2010 00:00 CDT

Cons:

CFTC Charges North Carolina Foreign Currency Firm Barki, LLC and Its Recently Deceased Principal Bruce C. Kramer in Alleged $40 Million Ponzi Fraud

North Carolina Federal District Court Issues Restraining Order Freezing Assets and Appointing a Receiver. Washington, DC –The U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) announced today that it charged Barki, LLC of Mint Hill, North Carolina, and Bruce C. Kramer with fraudulently soliciting at least $40 million to trade leveraged foreign currency contracts (forex), misappropriating at least $30 million of customer funds to pay purported profits, return principal to customers, and for personal expenses.

Source: U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) Release: March 18, 2009

Pros

Does Our Economy Really Have to Run on Fraud?

What is the difference between today’s economy and Lehman Brothers just before it collapsed in September 2008?

Source: Michael Hudson, Counterpunch Fri, 03 Sep 2010 13:56 CDT

Cons:

CFTC Charges Tennessee Resident and Las Vegas-based Firm with Fraud and Misappropriation in $20 Million Commodity Pool Ponzi Scheme

Federal Court Promptly Freezes Assets of Dennis R. Bolze and His Firm, Centurion Asset Management, Inc.

Source: U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) Release: March 12, 2009

Pros

US CEOs who laid off the most workers got the most pay

Chief executive officers responsible for the 50 biggest mass layoffs of 2009 pulled in $12 million for the year on average, 42 percent higher than other CEOs at major companies, and hundreds of times more than the average US worker.

Source: Naomi Spencer, World Socialist Web Site Fri, 03 Sep 2010 10:38 CDT

Cons

“The average individual foreign-exchange-trading victim loses about $15,000, according to CFTC records” according to The Wall Street Journal. The North American Securities Administrators Association says that “off-exchange forex trading by retail investors is at best extremely risky, and at worst, outright fraud.”

Source: Wikipedia

Pros

One million US public school students homeless

A report released in July by the advocacy groups National Association for the Education of Homeless Children and Youth (NAEHCY) and First Focus reveals the explosive growth of homelessness among public school students during the economic crisis.

Source: Clement Daly, World Socialist Website Thu, 02 Sep 2010 09:30 CDT

Pros

Social Security: The futile fight for what’s been promised

Social Security redistributes wealth from the young to the old. The government keeps promising young payers that they’ll get their share – but no one believes it anymore.

Source: Bill Bonner, The Christian Science Monitor Sun, 29 Aug 2010 19:34 CDT

Pros

Treasury Makes Shocking Admission: Program for Struggling Homeowners Just a Ploy to Enrich Big Banks

The Treasury Dept.’s mortgage relief program isn’t just failing, it’s actively funneling money from homeowners to bankers, and Treasury likes it that way.

Source: Zach Carter, AlterNet Wed, 25 Aug 2010 00:00 CDT

Pros

Analyst: Citigroup Is Cooking the Books

An all-out war has broken out between Citigroup CEO Vikram Pandit and a prominent securities analyst who is saying that the big bank may be cooking the books by inflating its earnings through an accounting gimmick, FOX Business Network has learned.

Source: Charlie Gasparino, Fox Business Wed, 25 Aug 2010 00:00 CDT

Pros

Co-chair of Obama debt panel under fire for remarks

An advocacy group is calling for the ouster of former Sen. Alan Simpson, the co-chairman of President Obama’s bipartisan debt commission, who described Social Security as a “milk cow with 310 million tits!” in an email.

Source: Jeanne Sahadi, CNN/Money Wed, 25 Aug 2010 09:48 CDT

Pros

Tony Blair Sets Up Mayfair “Bank” to Act as a Deal Maker in Investments for the Super-Rich

* Former PM’s company can act as an investment bank * Blair’s memoirs hail his ‘visionary friend’ George Bush

Source: The Daily Mail Sun, 22 Aug 2010 09:26 CDT

Pros

Time for Change: Why the Corrupt Few Wreak So Much Death, Destruction, and Suffering on the Rest of us

Perhaps the most important question of our time why, throughout human history, have despicable characters repeatedly risen to the pinnacles of power. The 20th Century alone witnessed an estimated 140 million war deaths and another 16 million from genocide. Mass starvation kills millions in an era when there is plenty enough food to feed the world. And not coincidentally, in the world today 40% of the world’s wealth is held in the hands of 1% of its inhabitants, while the bottom 50% owns only 1% of the world’s wealth. That means that the top 1% owns 40 times more than half the world’s population.

There are of course numerous reasons for this sorry state of affairs. But certainly the tremendous wealth and power disparity in the world, along with the abuse of that power by so many who have the most of it explains a great deal. Why have so many despicable characters throughout history acquired the ability to inflict so much suffering on the rest of humanity?

Source: Time for Change Democratic Underground, Ponerology.blogspot.com 2 August 2010

Summary

As you can see for yourself the necessity and outright emergency to take advantage of any investment that provides a legitimate opportunity for self preservation is in one’s best interest.

Basically, the only pitfall to “pooled accounts”, aside from the obvious skill in trading is the honesty and integrity of the fund manager. You must know who you are dealing with and you must know they can be trusted. If in doubt, visit the fund manager for lunch and invest a small sum to get started.

Develop trust, confidence and friendship with the fund manager. Hopefully, the fund manager is a person that shares your vision and their energy (vibes) resonates with your own.

“When I tell the truth, it is not for the sake of convincing those who do not know it, but for the sake of defending those that do.” – William Blake

Kemosabe Private Pool Account

Synopsis:

25% (+) return monthly (goal);
Cash withdrawal of all profits monthly via cash or mutual convenient alternative (Note: bank transfers charges or third party fees are deducted);
$250 USD minimum investment = 1 Share;
Transparency: Full disclosure of account statement monthly;
Management fee = 25% of profits payable monthly
Power of attorney given to named lawyer in the event fund manager is incapacitated;
Available to friends and referrals only;
Honor system: An honor system or honesty system is a philosophical way of running a variety of endeavors based on trust, honor, and honesty. Something that operates under the rule of the “honor system” is usually something that does not have strictly enforced rules governing its principles.Source: Wikipedia

Profit Distribution Example: My good buddies Frank, Jake, and Chris came down for the Blue Marlin tournament and decided to invest in the Kemosabe Pool Account.

Frank invested $500 / 2 shares;
Jake invested $250 / 1 share; and
Chris invested $1,000 / 4 shares

Total $1750 / 7 Shares

At the end of the month a profit of $1,000 was realized and the following distribution occurred: $1,000 profit less 25% ($250) management fee = $750 profit; $750 ÷ 7 shares = 107.00 per share;

Frank received $214.00 / 2 shares;
Jake received $107.00 / 1 share; and
Chris received $428.00 / 4 shares

Total $749.00 / 7 Shares

“The best way to find out if you can trust somebody is to trust them.” – Ernest Hemingway

For more information on investing in the Kemosabe Pool Account, contact us:

Skype: Kemosabeforex

Jhon Neil -
About the Author:

Jhon Neil

Nassau, Bahamas

Investment advisory services through private referral network to financial institutions, corporate clients, family offices and high net worth individuals around the world.

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Anyone can put up a website to sell forex trading signals but just how reliable are the trading signals? If I do an online search for forex trade signals almost all the top ten results offer trading signals with no audited results and questionable client testimonials.

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Sep 25, 2010
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Jhon Neil

Nassau, Bahamas

Investment advisory services through private referral network to financial institutions, corporate clients, family offices and high net worth individuals around the world.

The Gods who fell from the Sky

Sun, 23 Oct 2011 19:06:40 +0000

The Gods who fell from the Sky

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The Gods who fell from the Sky

Posted: Sep 29, 2010 |Comments: 0
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Moms Story

This section of the story is written by me from Dads journal entries and a story Mom wrote for a magazine in Rhodesia.

We were in Portsmouth to view a possible charter to South Africa, the mist was swirling around the sheds at the side of the docks when they located the right shed no and went inside, the MTB ( Motor Torpedo Boat ) looked huge in the shed ,and was being converted for passenger use, we were interested in chartering the vessel to take us to Durban, South Africa, my husband had decided that there would be more opportunity in a new land, he had obtained a job with Lever Bros in Durban, and had put our house and coal business on the market, sold both, now we had come to London to procure passage to South Africa.

In the year of 1946, it seemed impossible to book any sort of passage to South Africa without long delays, after spending a futile week in London we were on the verge of giving up, when we heard of the above charter, the foreman came down the ladder which was against the side of the vessel to meet us we climbed the ladder and stood on the deck.

After about an hour of viewing the facilities available, we left and caught the train back to London, George” my husband” was quiet all the way back he did not tell me at the time ,that he had an unsure feeling inside him about taking his family, on a journey of some 6000 miles across 3 oceans to South Africa in a plywood boat.

By the time he had reached London he had decided that on that boat the risk would be too great, on their arrival at the hotel there was a message for them to contact a travel agency that they had been to earlier in the week, they did so and made arrangements to be there first thing in the morning, they were up early and were offered various other passage but none of them suited my husband,

We were just about to leave the travel agency when we were called back, “where we interested in a private charter”? A small Avro Anson plane was available, the cost of which was to be shared by a prominent businessman, also having the same difficulties regarding travel, with the optimism of youth we agreed to meet the next day.

The meeting was at the offices of CL Air Surveys in Cromwell Rd, where we met with Lt Col Lloyd we immediately liked what we saw, and took up the option, we returned to Liverpool to finalise our departure, and to bid farewell to friends and family, at last we were on the move and had some direction in all our lives.

We said goodbye to Liverpool and on the train to London George bought a newspaper, a report on the second page caught his eye, a chartered MTB which had left from Portsmouth had floundered in the Bay of Biscay with the loss of all on board, he wondered if it was perhaps the same one they had looked at,

We met at the Grosvenor Hotel, Victoria, and caught a train to Croydon from there we transferred to Gatwick Airport where our little Anson was waiting on the tar, it was the25th June and we were welcomed by our pilot and navigator and we met our travelling companion a Mr Wenlock for the first time,

Our adventure that nearly ended in tragedy started on the 25th June 1946, we took off at about midday and landed at Le Bourget for lunch and on to Marseilles Mariguane Airport for the night stop.

The fuel capacity of our small plane necessitated having to make frequent stops enabling our pilot to refuel and his passengers to partake of any refreshment available, also hotel accommodation had to be arranged for the coming night stop.

We spent our first night at a comfortable little French inn in Marseille and with an early start next morning, we flew over Sardinia it was very beautiful nestled in the middle of the Mediterranean, we landed in Tunis for lunch, then on to Tripoli we were sent on by the yanks to Castle Benito, where an army barracks was our accommodation for the second night.

According to Mom my brother and I were fascinated by the Camel Trains leaving for their long journey across the Desert but we were intimidated by the size of the camels and kept our distance, to bed early for a dawn start next morning.

We stopped at Benino for lunch and on to Eli Adem near Benghazi for fuel, saw lots of burnt out planes around Benghazi in the desert, flew on to Cairo where we landed at Abmaza, we stayed at Heliopolis Palace, it was spacious and cool after our hot and dusty trip so far.

With the children bathed and asleep, we went down for dinner, it was served outside on a marble terrace, with millions of stars and a crescent moon hanging overhead, it was a magical night, as we were not leaving until the afternoon our pilot suggested a trip to Cairo.

We boarded a tram and this proved to be hair raising. The passengers swarmed aboard and hung on to every conceivable inch like flies on fly paper, the driver of the tram hurled us down the hills at break neck speed with the bell ringing constantly in our ears.

A visit to Groppis, where the ice cream was superb, cooled us down considerably, after our hair raising ride into town we decided to take a taxi back which was also an eye opener I was thankful that he had a good horn, we were eager to be on our way so we packed and left for the airport.

Unlike the big jets of today, we did not reach a very high altitude, passing over the desert we could see the camel caravan trains criss crossing below us, the burnt out wrecks of planes and tanks brought out the realities of the war which had been fought so recently on the desert below us.

We stopped for the night at Luxor, on the banks of the Nile with the Pyramids in the distance, we had arrive late and were seated at dinner with the manager of BOAC, Mr Frank Edge, who was fascinated to hear about our journey so far, I did not get a very good night’s sleep as the ceiling was alive with sand lizards.

We left at 8 30 for Wadi Halfa, landed for fuel and lunch ,too hot to eat ,last good rains 150 years ago, took off for Khartoum ,stayed in the Grand Hotel, despite huge fans whirling all over the hotel the heat was intense ,our early arrival allowed us time to visit a small zoo ,a welcome change for two small boys accustomed to the tiny cabin of a small plane.

Off early the next morning arrived at Malakao for lunch, a flying boat landed just in front of us, the trip was a very bumpy one, worst part of journey so far, horrible country below, the country changed dramatically once we took off from desert to green swamp, on to juba for more fuel and a lousy sandwich.

Couldn’t land at Nairobi, so put down at Kasuma, stayed at hotel and met our friends from the flying boat, very hot, saw lots of elephants as we passed over swamps by Juba, very pretty green country as we fly over Kenya and Uganda, it was very cold as we left for Tabora, and on to Mybeya Tanganyika, we had been travelling for seven days, It was the 1st July.

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We were accommodated in chalets and warned not to move around outside, as leopards frequently came down from the hills. Thankfully we left the following morning without incident, not realising that by nightfall, we would be placed in a very precarious situation.

It was the intention of the pilot to refuel at Fort Jameson, then in Northern Rhodesia, it was planned that we should reach there at midday in time for lunch. Flying low we were now in thick bush country and could see many herds of elephant roaming around the scrub and wallowing in the rivers.

We had been in the air for some hours now, and lunch was nearly over, we could hear our navigator tapping out a message on the Morse key. Suddenly George griped my arm and whispered. “We are in trouble lass, I have just heard the May Day call going out”.

Before I realised the implication of this remark, the door of the cockpit opened and our navigator came out and said.” I have been trying to contact Fort Jameson for some time now, but no reply. We are out of fuel and have to make a forced landing”, he looked around and continued talking “Strap the children in tightly within your seat belts and pad around them with clothes and blankets.

We did not have time to think about what could happen, we had done what he had suggested and as the plane was used in the war still had the sirens attached, these were blaring out as we felt the plane bank and drop, we were busy trying to comfort and secure two little boys.

Thank God! And a very good Pilot, who guided that plane to a small clearing of elephant grass, which grows to a height of 8 to 10 feet. We landed, and, as I looked out of the window, all I could see was the propeller on the left of the plane chopping the grass which was flying up and over the cabin in clouds of dust.

The plane must have hit an ant bear hole we felt it drop and the propeller folded back over the engine cowl after striking the ground. We finally came to a very jerky halt, the silence was profound for a few moments, the door to the cockpit opened and a very apprehensive crew saw that their passengers were all in one piece.

George went to the door with the navigator, firstly scratching through Richards bag, they walked along the wing and jumped down and around to the front of the aircraft, they came back after their inspection and I noticed that George had one of Richards toy guns stuck in his waistband, I burst out laughing” What were you planning to do with that?” I retorted.

Now! We were faced with a big problem. We had landed in the heart of the Lwangwa valley, in the district of Jumbe, close to the border with the Belgium Congo, a very big Game area, with a shattered plane, no food or water, and most important, no guns or ammunition in case of attack by wild animals.

The inspection of the Anson for damage had shown cracked wings and the badly damaged propeller, as we were sorting everything out inside the aircraft, we suddenly saw the tall grass waving, in a few minutes we were surrounded by natives.

Terrible thoughts of cannibals crossed my mind, George made a grab for Richards toy gun which he had returned to its bag and went to stand in the open door of the aircraft, my fears were unfounded-from the back of the crowd of milling Africans, one pushed forward and said “Me Augustin! Mission boy. I speak English”.

Greatly relieved, our pilot asked him where we might get help.” Yes there was a mission in the hills 40 miles away, but he would fetch the chief whose name was Nikanya”, the chief must have been on his way as they arrived 5 minutes later.

We ascertained through Augustin acting as interpreter from the chief that there was a white Padre about 35 miles away at a village, he would send a message immediately, we took photographs of them all around the aircraft and this pleased them greatly.

We rigged up an outside Arial and made contact with Salisbury. Help coming, we could only give them a vague idea where we were, which was approximately 86 miles North West of Fort Jameson and the village reference given to us by Augustin was Katemo which was the small kopje just above the village.

Augustin had suggested that we trek to his village where his family would be pleased to house us I had a feeling that as far as star ratings went we would be lucky for a twinkle no 5 star ratings where we were headed, he suggested that theNkosi ( male chief Dad), Nkosikas ( female chief Mom), and the picannins ( children) follow him, a runner was sent off and a convoy of excited Africans followed carrying our luggage.

It was late afternoon and we were trekking through thick forest, the ground was littered with Mopani leaves, which is the favourite diet of the elephants and bearing in mind the number of elephant we had seen before coming down, I was very apprehensive, but I subdued my fears as nobody seemed particularly worried.

We came out into thick bush terrain and the Africans who accompanied us were carrying the children on their backs, I remember in particular the Head Man had gone on ahead and erected a small grass enclosure where food and water was provided. The inhabitants of a local village many of whom had never seen a white man before peered through every chink, to try and see the White Gods who had fallen from the sky.

It was early evening we were all quite exhausted, we had been walking for hours, the rough territory was taking its toll on our feet, the few miles to the village seemed interminable, to our great relief the lights of many small fires lit up the darkness.

We had finally arrived at Augustine’s kraal, we were immediately surrounded by the inhabitants and a big indaba took place. Eventually, though, we were conducted to a native, thatched hut, the sole amenities of which were two low native-made beds, with no mattresses but a kind of interwoven leather thong. This luxury was reserved for people of note.

After our crash landing and the long trek through the jungle, we were all on the point of collapse, but some effort had to be made. A decision to bring with me three tins of Ostermilk and a small pan, also a packet of tea, proved to be a God-send, and I was able to give the children a nourishing drink. Having no blankets, we had to use whatever clothing we had with us to bed them down and eventually they slept.

We went outside where the other members of our group were discussing the best way of effecting a rescue. , This proved to be pointless, and we could only hope that the coordinates we had given them were close enough, so that help from some source would be forthcoming.

Dawn comes early to the African bush and the inhabitants, human and otherwise are up with first light. Young Richard took one look around at this latest habitation and said” Let’s go home Mom. I don’t like this hotel.” Easier said than done, and we were only too thankful not to have provided a meal for some carnivorous animal on our recent trek to this small community.

While the men folk were debating how to get us back to civilisation, as we call it, I had domestic problems to cope with, ie. Facilities for bathing ,food, washing, to say nothing of the language, the nearby spruit was our water supply and the children splashed happily, surrounded by an admiring group of piccanins. My washing was accomplished by rubbing and battering it against the large stones in this small stream, and my blue wool Jaeger suit was never quite the same again.

We knew our distress call had been heard, and contact had been made with Salisbury but we were unsure of the coordinates given, during the late afternoon, we spotted a plane. We later heard it was piloted by Mr Jed Spencer of Southern Rhodesia but we were passed by without recognition.

The following day, R.A.F. planes were flying grid pattern to the west of us; they were flying low but also were unable to locate us. Powder compacts where then quite large, and mine was chrome- going to a clearing, I opened mine with its large mirror and flashed it in the direction of the searching planes, catching the sun’s rays in the mirror. Instant response as 3 planes turned towards us and a message was dropped:” Stay where you are! I have got your location”.

The next day the planes flew right to us and dropped supplies by parachute, the goods were picked up by locals from the village; they arrived back with two sack loads. We had six blankets which were more than welcome as it had been bitterly cold at night. Also in the parachute drop was a loaf of bread, bully beef, oxo, Bovril and raisins. No butter, tea or sugar which we could have done with. Also in the sack was a 303 rifle with no ammunition, George grabbed it by the barrel and said to me, “Don’t worry Dot I’ll club the bloody lion to death”

The runner that had been sent off to the Catholic Mission in the Hills, returned during the late afternoon with Father Robertson, we made a huge fuss of him as he was the first white man we had seen since the crash, he told us that a rescue operation was under way from Fort Jameson and that he had sent word as to our location.

Mr Bernard Hesson the chief of police for Northern Rhodesia and John Sugg District Commissioner were on their way with two trucks but because of the inaccessibility of the region, they were having to cut the road and build bridges from cut down trees and four gallon paraffin tins, the Padre tells us we found the only spot to land within a fifty mile radius.

John Sugg and Bernard Hesson arrive with a number of ascaris, they were unable to get any further with the trucks and have had to leave them about six miles away, we left at about 12 30 and walked through dense bush in intense heat, I thought we would have to give up, just as we were reaching exhaustion we were delighted to see two trucks under the shade of some trees.

There was a circle fixed with matting screens, tables and chairs and tea ready, off after tea, we left in the trucks down a track, I have never seen such places to take a truck, down steep slopes and up escarpments. One very steep place the truck slid back three times. Sugg sent to a nearby village and 100 natives arrived, they either pulled or pushed us up or down the slopes, the job took several hours.

How those chaps drove in the dark around those winding tracks still amazes me, most of the time we were in first or second gear and our top speed was 8 MPH, at about 9pm a halt was made for a meal, we were very hungry.

Eating in the bush is a fine art when properly done. The headlights of the trucks are left on and grass mats spread on the ground, this was our first introduction to the popular braai, the children were happy to run around and explore, a lovely meal finished off with Brandy, water and tea. We packed the trucks and continued on again over almost impossible tracks for many hours.

We arrived at Moores Mission at 1 30 am the next morning Sugg went to one of the bungalows and knocked up a priest he knew(a Mr Heritage).The conversation in the dark was quite amusing including “Good Gods” etc, followed by the emergence of Mr George Heritage, not very ecclesiastically garbed ,remarking that it was bloody cold.

We went with him to the bungalow of Father Williams ,where followed another most amusing dialogue in the dark ,with plenty of “Good Gods” again. Shortly the father appeared and hailed us well. He said he was sure we all needed a stiff brandy and was bloody sure that he needed one himself, we were all allocated bungalows and were all so weary, and we went straight to sleep.

After trying to sleep on a thong bed for three nights, I was beginning to feel like a zebra- so my nights rest at the Mission was sheer bliss, the next morning a good soak in a hot bath for myself and the kids, a leisurely breakfast and a walk around the Mission Station, it was soon time to say goodbye and to thank our new found friends for their hospitality.

We were still 50 miles from Fort Jameson, and we left for there in the afternoon, arriving in the early evening at Rangleys Hotel where we had arranged accommodation, a hot bath, good meal and as we were still trying to recover from our arduous trip early to bed, it was the Friday 5th July and we were looking forward to a relaxing weekend.

We were advised to stay close to the hotel at night as leopards came down from the hills at night, one had attacked a man and his dog outside Knowles Hotel, and we met with two R.A.F. officers who were holding an inquiry into the crash landing.

Our arrival had caused quite a stir among the residents who were mainly tobacco farmers, and on discussing our future plans regarding settling in South Africa, we were advised to look at Salisbury in Southern Rhodesia. Fate had taken a hand and our forced landing caused us to change our plans. After several days rest we flew to Salisbury in a Rapide piloted by Mr Jed Spencer, we were so impressed that we decided to settle in this new and rapidly growing country

My Mothers father once wrote in her diary

“There is a Destiny which shapes our end

Rough hew them as we will.”

Taken from my Book The Gods who fell from the Sky?

George Richard Mawson

2 Lauren Mews

Seafront

Hayling Island

Hampshire PO110AQ

Mobile 07828746412

mawson44@hotmail.com

George Mawson -
About the Author:

Surviving a plane crash at four the loss of the right leg at eleven the destruction of his left hip at fifteen. This young Douglas Bader reaches the pinnacle of his dreams in life by ignoring the word cant and embracing life’s challenges,he overcomes every obstacle in his path to attain the summit.

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I met this guy 4 years ago.the day i looked up in the sky and asked God to send me someone.I cant believe the connection that we have.we are not together.the way he still looks at me.Is he my soulmate
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Marvel vs. Capcom 3 “Shuma-Gorath” DLC Trailer

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Article Tags:
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Timeline Of Binary Prefixes

Sat, 22 Oct 2011 19:06:16 +0000

Timeline Of Binary Prefixes

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Home Page > Business > Project Management > Timeline Of Binary Prefixes

Timeline Of Binary Prefixes

Posted: Oct 09, 2010 |Comments: 0
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]]>

1940s

1943-1944

J.W. Tukey coins the word bit as an abbreviation of “binary digit”.

1948

Reference to Tukey’s “bit” is made in a paper by information theorist Claude Shannon.

1950s

In the 1950s, “1 kilobit” meant “1000 bits”:

“In the ’50s, amazingly enough—and only total coincidence—I actually was given the job of writing the operational specifications [] They handed me this thing and said, “You’re going to define how the hand-over process works between direction centers,” and—and I had no idea what they were talking about. But we had… uh… one-kilobit lines connecting the direction centers and I thought, “Good God! 1,000 bits a second. Well, wel surely be able to figure out something to do with that.” Saverah Warenstein

1952

The first magnetic core memory, from the IBM 405 Alphabetical Accounting Machine, is tested successfully in April 1952. (The image shows 1012 cores; presumably one of

“Teaming up with a more experienced engineer, [Mike Haynes] built a core memory with just enough capacity to store all the information in an IBM punched card: 960 bits in an 8012 array. In May 1952 it was successfully tested as a data buffer between a Type 405 alphabetical accounting machine and a Type 517 summary punch. This first functional test of a ferrite core memory was made in the same month that a four-times smaller 16×16-bit ferrite core array was successfully tested at MIT.”

The IBM 701 computer, containing 72 Williams tubes of 1024 bits each, is released in April.

Principles of Operation does not seem to use “kilobit” anywhere. Specifies that memory tubes (IBM 706) hold 1024 bits each, drum memories (IBM 731) hold 2048 words each.

The IBM 737 optional magnetic core storage stores 4,096 words. Each plane stored 1616 = 4,096 bits.

1955

The IBM 704 manual uses decimal arithmetic for powers of two, without prefixes

“Magnetic core storage units are available with capacities of either 4,096 or 32,768 core storage registers; or two magnetic core storage units, each with a capacity of 4,096 core storage registers, may be used. Thus, magnetic core storage units are available to give the calculator a capacity of 4,096, 8,192, or 32,768 core storage registers.”

“Each drum has a storage capacity of 2048 words.”

1956

February

The IBM 702 Preliminary Manual of Information uses decimal arithmetic for powers of ten, without prefixes.

“Electrostatic memory is the principal storage medium within the machine. It consists of cathode ray tubes which can store up to 10,000 characters of information in the form of electrostatic charges…. Additional storage, as required, may be provided through the use of magnetic drum storage units, each having a capacity of 60,000 characters.”

“A character may be a letter of the alphabet, a decimal number, or any of eleven different punctuation marks or symbols used in report printing.”

“Each one of the 10,000 positions of memory is numbered from 0000 to 9999 and each stored character must occupy one of these positions.” (page

July

The word byte is coined by Dr. Werner Buchholz in July 1956, during the early design phase for the IBM Stretch computer.

IBM 650 RAMAC announcement

“The 650 RAMAC combines the IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Data Processing Machine with a series of disk memory units which are capable of storing a total of 24-million digits. The 305 RAMAC is an entirely new machine which contains its own input and output devices and processing unit as well as a built-in 5-million-digit disk memory.”

1957

June

The IBM 705 Operating manual uses decimal arithmetic for powers of ten, without prefixes.

“A total of 40,000 characters can be stored within the main storage unit of the Type 705.”

“Each one of the 40,000 positions in memory is numbered from 0000 to 39,999.” (page 17)

“One or more magnetic drums are available as optional equipment with a capacity of 60,000 characters each.”

Lewis, W.D., Coordinated broadband mobile telephone system

Earliest instance of “kilobit” in both IEEE explore and Google Scholar: “Central controls the mobile link with a rate of 20 kilobits per second, or less”.

1959

The term 32k is introduced to mean one of “approximately 32 x 1000″ or “exactly 32 x 1024″.

Real, P. (September 1959). “A generalized analysis of variance program utilizing binary logic.”. ACM ‘59: Preprints of papers presented at the 14th national meeting of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM Press): pg 781 – 785. doi:10.1145/612201.612294. “On a 32k core size 704 computer, approximately 28,000 datum may be analyzed, without resorting to auxiliary tape storage.”. The author is with the Westinghouse Electric Corporation.

1960s

1960

May

U.S. Patent 3,214,691 Frequency Diversity Communications System is filed on May 13, 1960:

“In actual construction, the delay line, which provides a total delay from one end to the other of one baud (10 microseconds for a 100 kilobit per second information rate), may be fabricated from lumped parameter elements, i.e., inductors and capacitors, in a well-known manner.”

“At a 100 kilobit per second information rate, both mark and space signals will generally be transmitted in any 0.0001 sec, interval, and therefore this requirement is easily met with conventional resistors and capacitors.”

October

Gruenberger, Fred (October 1960). “Letters to the Editor”. Communications of the ACM 3 (10). doi:10.1145/367415.367419. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/367415.367419.

The 8K core stores were getting fairly common in this country in 1954. The 32K store started mass production in 1956; it is the standard now for large machines and at least 200 machines of the size (or its equivalent in the character addressable machines) are in existence today (and at least 100 were in existence in mid-1959).

1955-1961

A search of the Computer History Museum’s Stretch collection of 931 text documents dated from September 1955 through September 1961 shows no usage of k or K to describe main storage size.

1961

Gray, L; R Graham (1961). Radio Transmitters. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0070242402. http://www.danglaeserbooks.com/si/1286.html. “In the case of the transmission of business-machine or telemetered data, it is more usual to express the speed in bits or kilobits (1,000 bits) per second.”

Quoted in OED as first instance of “kilobit”, though “it is more usual” suggests it is already in common use (see timeline entry for 1957)

February 17

Described device contains 512 words, 24 bits each (=12,288 bits)

September

“It is no longer reasonable to spend as much time to transmit an 80 bit address as 12 kilobits of message information-a 1500 to 1 ratio…. We have theoretically and experimentally proved that speech can be compressed from the straightforward requirement for 48 kilobit PCM channel capability to 2400 bits by the application of the Dudley syllabic vocoder.”

October

The IBM 7090 Data Processing System, Additional Core Storage (65K means “approximately 65000″)

“The Additional Core Storage feature for the IBM 7090 Data Processing System provides a second IBM 7302 Core Storage, increasing the capacity of main storage by 32,768 words. The block of storage represented by both 7302 units is referred to as “main storage unit.”

“Additional core storage provides two methods of using main storage: (1) The 65K modehe computer program is enabled to address both of the main storage units, and (2) the 32K modehe computer program is able to address only one storage unit, so that main storage capacity available to that program is effectively 32,768 words.”

The IBM 1410 Data Processing System uses decimal arithmetic for powers of ten, without prefixes

“Core storage units are available in 10,000-, 20,000- or 40,000-character position capacities.”

“The matrix switch makes it possible to address any one of the 100 X-drive lines (in a 10K core array).”

“The 40K core array requires 40,000 valid five-position addresses from 0,000 to 39,999.”

“This operation check detects errors in programming that cause invalid addresses. Examples: 40,000-and-above on a 40K core array; 20,000-and-above on a 20K core array. On a 10K core array, invalid addresses are detected by the address-bus validity check.”

1962

A reference to a “4k IBM 1401″ meant 4,000 characters of storage (memory).

1963

August

Ludwig uses kilobit in the decimal sense

DEC Serial Drum Type 24

“Drums are equipped to store either 64, 128, or 256 data blocks, providing a memory capability of 16384, 32768, or 65536 computer words” (no abbreviations)

November

Honeywell 200 Summary Description

“The main memory is a magnetic core … The memory unit supplied as part of the basic central processor has a capacity of 2,048 characters, each of which is stored in a separate, addressable, memory location. This capacity may be expanded in modular increments by adding one 2,048-character module and additional 4,096-character modules.”

“Random access disc file and control (disc capacities of up to 100 million characters are available.)”

“Up to eight drum storage units can be connected to the Model 270 Random Access Drum Control. Each drum provides storage for 2,621,441 characters, allowing a total capacity of approximately 21 million characters.”

1964

Gene Amdahl’s seminal April 1964 article on IBM System/360 used 1K to mean 1024.

Leng, Gordon Bell, et al., use K in the binary sense:

“The computer has two blocks of 4K, 18-bit words of memory, (1K=1024 words), attached to its central processor”

Falkin, Joel (May 1963). “Sorting with large volume, random access, drum storage”. Communications of the ACM archive 6 (5): 240244. doi:10.1145/366552.366580. “The Teleregister Telefile data processor includes drum storage whose capacity is far in excess of the requirements for sorting. … The Telefile data processor provides 16,000 positions in memory, each position storing one binary coded decimal character. A floating accumulator arrangement allows the accumulator to contain any field in memory from 1 to 100 characters in length. All indexing is accomplished programmatically. Input and output tape blocking is fixed at 300 characters per block.”.

IBM Data Processing Division press release distributed on April 7, 1964.

“System/360 core storage memory capacity ranges from 8,000 characters of information to more than 8,000,000.”

IBM 7090/7094 Support Package for IBM System/360 – November

“An IBM 1401 Data Processing System with the following minimum configuration is also required: 1. 4K positions of core storage” U.S. Patent 3,317,902 – ADDRESS SELECTION CONTROL APPARATUS – Filed April 6, 1964

‘To facilitate understanding of the invention, the main storage area has been illustrated as being of 8K capacity; however, it is to be understood that the main storage area may be of larger capacity (e.g., 16K, 32K or 64K) by storing address selection control data in bit positions “2,” “1″ and “0″ of M register 197, respectively.’

1965

Wilkes, M.V. (April 1965). “Slave Memories and Dynamic Storage Allocation”. Electronic Computers, IEEE Transactions on EC-14 (2): pg. 270271. doi:10.1109/PGEC.1965.263967. “One method of designing a slave memory for instructions is as follows. Suppose that the main memory has 64K words (where K=1024) and, therefore, 16 address bits, and that the slave memory has 32 words and, therefore, 5 address bits.”

IBM 1620 CPU Model 1 System Reference Library, dated 7/19/65, states:

“A core storage module, which is 20,000 addressable positions of magnetic core storage, is located in the 1620. Two additional modules are available … Each core storage module (20,000 positions) is made up of 12 core planes as shown in Figure 3. Each core plane contains all cores for a specific bit value.”

1966

U.S. Patent 3,435,420 CONTIGUOUS BULK STORAGE ADDRESSING is filed on Jan 3, 1966

‘Note that “K” as used herein indicates “thousands.” Each storage location in the present embodiment includes 64 data bits and 8 related parity bits, as described herein.’

“Thus, if only storage unit 1A were provided, it would contain addresses 0 through 32K; storage IB would include addresses between 32K and 64K, storage 2A would contain addresses between 64K and 96K, …”

1969

IBM 1401 Simulator for IBM OS/360

“1401 features supported are advanced programming, sense switches, tapes, multiply, divide, 16K core, and all standard instructions except Select Stacker.”

“1401 core is simulated by 16,000 bytes of S/360 core obtained dynamically.”

“Enough core must be available to allow at least 70K for a problem program area. If tape simulation is not required, this core requirement may be reduced to 50K with the removal of the tape Buffer area.”

U.S. Patent 3,638,185 HIGH DENSITY PERMANENT DATA STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM is filed on March 17, 1969 earliest Google Patent search containing “kilobyte”)

“The data word processor 606 handles the inflow and out-flow of byte-oriented input/output data and interleaved signals at a rate of, for example, 500 kilobytes per second. Instruction processing rates of four to eight per microsecond are required for such a data flow.”

U.S. Patent 3,618,041 Memory Control System is filed on Oct 29, 1969

“FIG. 2a shows a practical example of an operand address which consists of, for example 24 bits. It is assumed herein that each block includes 32 bytes, each sector includes 1 kilobyte, the buffer memory 116 includes 4 kilobytes, and read data is represented by one double word or 64 bits, as one word in this case consists of 32 bits.”

]]>

IBM System/360 Component Descriptions (IBM 2314 Direct Access Storage Facility)

“Each module can store 29.17 million bytes or 58.35 million packed decimal digits … total on-line storage capacity is 233.4 million bytes”

DEC PDP-11 Handbook

“PDP-11 addressing modes include . . . and direct addressing to 32K words” (Page 2) This appears to be the only use of K in this manual, though; elsewhere sizes are spelled out in full. Contrast the 1973 PDP-11/40 Manual, which defines K as 1024. (Below)

1970s

1970

“The following are excerpts from an IBM Data Processing Division press technical fact sheet distributed on June 30, 1970.

Users of the Model 165 will have a choice of five main core storage sizes, ranging from 512,000 to over 3-million bytes. Seven main memory sizes are available for the Model 155, ranging from 256,000 to over 2-million bytes.”

First 1,024-bit DRAM chip, the Intel 1103.

Weiler, Paul W.; Richard S. Kopp, Richard G. Dorman (May 1970). “A Real-Time Operating System for Manned Spaceflight”. Computers , IEEE Transactions on 19 (5): 388398. doi:10.1109/T-C.1970.222936. ISSN=0018-9340. “Each of the five system/360 model 75 computers (Fig. 2) has one megabyte of primary core storage plus four megabytes of large core storage (LCS, IBM 2361).”

1971

IBM System/360 Operating System: Storage Estimates

“System/360 Configuration: Model 40 with 64K bytes of storage and storage protection”

Contains a lot of examples of “30K”, “136K”, “next highest multiple of 2K”, “The maximum buffer size is 64K bytes”, and the like. There are also calculations, which could be used to determine their precise meaning; however, the letter “K” is sometimes used as a variable in this document (see page 23).

1972

September

Lin and Mattson introduce the term Mbyte.

Lin, Yeong; Mattson, Richard (September 1972). “Cost-performance evaluation of memory hierarchies”. Magnetics, IEEE Transactions on (IEEE) 8 (3): pg 390392. doi:10.1109/TMAG.1972.1067329. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1067329&isnumber=22917. “Also, random access devices are advantageous over serial access devices for backing store applications only when the memory capacity is less than 1 Mbyte. For capacities of 4 Mbyte and 16 Mbyte serial access stores with shift register lengths of 256 bit and 1024 bit, respectively, look favorable.”.

1973

Habib, Stanley (October 1973). “Notes from industry”. ACM SIGMICRO Newsletter (ACM Press) 4 (3): pg 29. doi:10.1145/1217132.1217137. .

OCEANPORT, N.J., SEPT. 25, 1973 — A 16-bit minicomputer priced at under $2,000.00 in quantities and a 32-bit minicomputer priced at under $6,000.00 in quantities were introduced today by Interdata, Inc. The 16-bit mini, the Model 7/16, includes an 8KB memory unit in its basic configuration, and will be available for delivery in the first quarter of 1974. The single unit price of the 7/16 is $3,200.00. The 32-bit mini, the Model 7/32, includes a 32KB memory unit and will be available for delivery in the second quarter of 1974. The single unit price of the 7/32 is $9,950.00.

DEC PDP-11/40 Manual

“Direct addressing of 32K 16-bit words or 64K 8-bit bytes (K = 1024)” (Page 1-1) Contrast the 1969 PDP-11 Handbook, which avoids this usage almost everywhere. (Above)

1974

The seminal 1974 Winchester HDD article which makes extensive use of Mbytes with M being used in the conventional, 106 sense. Arguably all of todays HDD’s derive from this technology.

The October 1974 CDC Product Line Card unambiguous uses MB to characterize HDD capacity in millions of bytes.

1975

Byte Magazine Dec 1975 article on IBM 5100 includes the following:

“User memory starts at 16K bytes in the minimum configuration and can be expanded to 64K bytes (65,536).”

Gordon Bell uses the term megabytes:

Bell, Gordon; Strecker, William (November 1975). “Computer structures: What have we learned from the PDP-11?” (PDF). ISCA ‘76: Proceedings of the 3rd annual symposium on Computer architecture (ACM Press): pg 114. http://research.microsoft.com/~gbell/Digital/Bell_Strecker_What_we _learned_fm_PDP-11c 7511.pdf. “memory size (8k bytes to 4 megabytes).”.

1976

DEC RK05/RK05J/RK05F disk drive maintenance manual

“Bit Capacities (unformatted)” “25 million” | “50 million” (57,600 bits/ track * 406 | 812 tracks = 23,385,600 | 46,771,200 bits

The Memorex 1976 annual report has 10 instances of the use of megabyte to describe storage devices and media.

Caleus Model 206-306 Maintenance Manual uses 3MB to characterize a drive having 3,060,000 bytes capacity.

The first 5 1/4 inch floppy disk drive, the Shugart SA 400, is introduced in August 1976. The drive had 35 tracks and was single sided. The data sheet gives the unformatted capacity as 3125 bytes per track for a total of 109.4 Kbytes (3125 x 35 = 109,375). When formatted with 256 byte sectors and 10 sectors per track the capacity is 89.6 Kbytes (256 x 10 x 35 = 89,600).

1977

HP 7905A Disc Drive Operator’s Manual

“nearly 15 million bytes” with no other abbreviations

1977 Disk/Trend Report – Rigid Disk Drives, published June 1977

This first edition of the annual report on the hard disk drive industry makes extensive use of MB as 106 bytes. The industry, in 1977, is segmented into nine segments ranging from “Disk Cartridge Drives, up to 12 MB” to “Fixed Disk Drives, over 200 MB.” While the categories changed during the next 22 years of publication, Disk/Trend, the principal marketing study of the hard disk drive industry always and consistently categorized the industry in segments using prefixes M and later G in the decimal sense.

Page 2-1 “physical address space of 1 gigabyte (30 bits of address)” The initial hardware was limited to 2 M bytes of memory utilizing the 4K MOS RAM chips. The VAX11/780 handbooks use M byte and Mbyte in the same paragraph.

1978

DEC RM02/03 Adapter Technical Description Manual

“The RM02 or RM03 Disk Drive (Figure 1-1) is an 80M byte (unformatted; 67M byte formatted) storage device in the 16-bit format, the maximum storage capacity is 33,710,080 data words per disk pack” (33,710,080 * 16/8 = 67,420,160 8-bit bytes)

1979

Fujitsu M228X Manual

“Storage capacity (unformatted)” “67.4 MB”, “84.2 MB”, etc.

“20,480 Bytes” per track, 4 tracks per cylinder, 808+15 cylinders = 67,420,160 bytes

Sperry Univac Series V77 Microcomputer Systems Brochure, Circa 1978, Printed July 1979

Page 5: Table list memory options as 64KB, 128KB, and 256KB. Memory Expansion is up to 2048KB

Page 9: “Memory for the V77-800 is available in 128K byte and 256K byte increments up to a maximum of 2 megabytes “

Page 21: Moving Head Disks – units up to 232 million byte disk pack systems. Diskette – storage of 0.5 MB per drive.

The following statistics were taken from the Dec 1979 editions of Byte Magazine and Datamation. The first number is the number of articles or advertisements that used any variant of megabyte for HDDs or Main memory while the second number is the total number of times it was used in the advertisement or article.

Variant

Used In Decimal Sense

Used In Binary Sense

million

1 / 1

megabyte

9 / 12

1 / 1

MByte or M Byte

3 /10

5 / 18

2 / 2

1 / 3

1 / 1

Total

20 / 43

2 / 4

1980s

1980

Shugart Associates Product Brochure, published Jun 1980 specifies the capacity of its two HDDs using megabytes and MB in a decimal sense, e.g. SA1000 formated capacity is stated as “8.4 MB” and is actually 256321024 = 8,388,608 bytes.

Shugart Associates SA410/460 Data Sheet published Oct 1980 contains capacity specifications as follows:

Formatted Capacity

SA410

Single/Double Density

SA460

Single/Double Density

Per Disk

204.8/409.6 KBytes

409.6/819.2 KBytes

Per Surface

204.8/409.6 KBytes

Per Track

2.56/5.12 KBytes

Sectors/Track

Shugart Associates was one of the companies that invented the 5″ FD using K in a decimal sense.

Note that the same data sheet uses MByte in a decimal sense.

1981

8086 Object Module Formats

“The 8086 MAS is 1 megabyte (1,048,576)”

Quantum Q2000 8″ Media Fixed Disk Drive Service Manual

“four models … the Q2010 having an unformatted 10.66 Mb capacity on one disk platter and two heads, the … 21.33 Mb … 32.00 Mb … 42.66 Mb”

(1024 tracks “10.40Kb” per track = 10649 “Kb”, which they write as “10.66Mb”, so 1 “Mb” = 1000 “Kb”)

(256 Bytes per sector, 32 Sectors/tk = 8192 bytes, which they write as “8.20Kb” per track)

“Storage capacity of 10, 20, 30, or 40 megabytes”

“4.34M bits/second transfer rate”

Apple Disk III data sheet

“Formated Data Capacity: 140K bytes”

Apple uses K is a binary sense since the actual formated capacity is 35 tracks * 16 Sectors * 256 bytes = 140 KiB = 143.360 kB

1982

Brochure for the IBM Personal Computer (PC)

“User memory: 16KB to more than 512KB”, “single-sided 160KB or double-sided 320KB diskette drives”

IBM (July 1982). Technical Reference: Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library (Revised ed.). IBM Corp.. pp. page 293. 6025008.

“The drives are soft sectored, single or double sided, with 40 tracks per side. They are Modified Frequency Modulation (MFM) coded in 512 byte sectors, giving a formatted capacity of 163,840 bytes per drive for single sided and 327,680 bytes per drive for double sided.”

Seagate ST 506/412 OEM Manual

“Total formatted capacity … is 5/10 megabytes (32 sectors per track, 256 bytes per sector, 612/1224 tracks)”

1983

IBM S/360 S/370 Principles Of Operation GA22-7000 includes as statement:

“In this publication, the letters K, M and G denote the multipliers 210, 220 and 230 respectively. Although the letters are borrowed from the decimal system and stand for kilo 103, mega 106 and giga 109 they do not have decimal meaning but instead present the power of 2 closest to the corresponding power of 10.”

IBM 341 4-inch Diskette Drive

unformatted capacity “358,087 bytes”

“Total unformatted capacity (in kilobytes): 358.0″

Maxtor XT-1000 brochure

“Capacity, unformatted” 9.57 MB per surface = 10,416 bytes per track * 918 tracks per surface = 9,561,888 byte (decimal MB)

Shugart Associates SA300/350 Data Sheet published circa Nov 1983 (one of the first MIC standard 3.5″ FDDs) contains capacity specifications as follows:

Formatted Capacity

Single Sided

Single/Double Density

Double Sided

Single/Double Density

Per Disk

204.8/409.6 kbytes

409.6/819.2 kbytes

Per Surface

204.8/409.6 kbytes

Per Track

2.56/5.12 kbytes

Sectors/Track

Shugart Associates, one of the leading FD companies used k in a decimal sense.

1984

The Macintosh Operating System is an early, if not the earliest, operating system consistently using SI prefixes in a binary sense.

In the original 1984 Apple Macintosh ad, page 8, Apple characterized its 3 floppy disk as “400K,” that is, 800512 byte sectors or 409,600 bytes = 400 KiB. Screenshots of Macintosh Finder shows the same usage of K in the Ki sense. Similarly, the February 1984 Byte Magazine review describes the FD as “400K bytes”.

1986

Apple IIgs introduced September 1986

ProDos16 uses MB in a binary sense.

Digital Large System Mass Storage Handbook (c) dated Sep 1986

“GByte: An abbreviation for one billion (one thousand million) bytes.” p. 442

“M: An abbreviation for one million. Typically combined with a unit of measure, such as bytes (MBytes), or Hertz (MHz).” p444

1987

Seagate Universal Installation Handbook

ST125 listed as 21 “Megabytes” formatted capacity, later document seems to confirm that this is decimal

Disk/Trend Report – Rigid Disk Drives, October 1987

First use of GB in a decimal sense in this HDD marketing survey; Figure 1 states “FIXED DISK DRIVES more than 1 GB” market size as $10,786.6 million.

Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1987) has binary definitions for kilobyte and megabyte.

kilobyte n [from the fact that 1024 (210) is the power of 2 closest to 1000] (1970): 1024 bytes

megabyte n (1970): 1,048,576 bytes

1988

Imprimis Wren VII 5 Inch Rigid Disk Drive Data Sheet, printed 11/88

“Capacity of 1.2 gigabyte (GB)”

1989

IBM Enterprise Systems Architecture/370, Reference Summary (GX20-0406-0), p50 (the last page), has a two table, one to recap the decimal value of power of 2 and 16 to 260, and one that read:

Symbol

Value

K(kilo)

1,024 = 210

M(mega)

1,048,576 = 220

G(giga)

1,073,741,824 = 230

Electronic News, Sep 25, “Market 1.5GB Drives”

“Imprimis and Maxtor are the only two drive makers to offer the new generation of drives in the 1.5GB capacity range”

“IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Fujitsu, Toshiba, Hitachi and Micropolis are expected to enter the market for 1.5GB capacity”

1990s

1990

GEOS ad

“512K of memory”

June

DEC RA90/RA92 Disk Drive Service Manual

“Storage capacity, formatted” “1.216 gigabytes”

1991

Micropolis 1528 Rigid Disk Drive Product Description

“1.53 GBytes” … “Up to 1.53 gigabytes (unformatted) per drive” “MBytes/Unit: 1531.1″ (210048,60815 = 1,531,152,000)

1993

Microsoft Windows 3.11 File Manager uses MB in a binary sense.

1994

Micropolis 4410 Disk Drive Information

“1,052 MB Formatted Capacity”

“Unformatted Per Drive 1,205 MB” (133.85 MB per surface, 9 read-write heads)

1996

August

FOLDOC defines the exabyte (1 EB) as 1024 petabytes (1024 PB), with petabyte used in the binary sense of 10245 B.

1997

May

FOLDOC defines the zettabyte (1 ZB) as 1024 exabytes (1024 EB) and the yottabyte (1 YB) as 1024 zettabytes (1024 ZB).

1998

IEC introduces unambigous prefixes for binary multiples (KiB, MiB, GiB etc.), reserving kB, MB, GB and so on for their decimal sense.

2000s

2001

IBM, z/Architecture, Reference Summary

Page 59, list the power of 2 and 16, and their decimal value. There is a column name ‘Symbol’, which list K(kilo), M(mega), G(giga), T(tera), P(peta) and E(exa) for the power of 2 of, respectively, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60

Peuhkuri adopts IEC prefixes in his paper at the 2001 Internet Measurement Conference: “… allows maximum size of 224 that requires 1 GiB of RAM … or acknowledgement numer [sic] is within 32 KiB range. … on a PC with Celeron processor with 512 MiB of memory … “

2004

2004 revision of IEEE Standard Letter Symbols for Units of Measurement (SI Units, Customary Inch-Pound Units, and Certain Other Units), IEEE Std 260.1, incorporates IEC definitions for KiB, MiB etc, reserving the symbols kB, MB etc for their decimal counterparts.

2005

March

IEC prefixes are adopted by the IEEE after a two-year trial period.

On March 19, 2005 the IEEE standard IEEE 1541-2002 (Prefixes for Binary Multiples) was elevated to a full-use standard by the IEEE Standards Association after a two-year trial period.

2007

Windows Vista uses the traditional binary conventions (e.g., 1 KB = 1024 bytes, 1 MB = 1048576 bytes) for file and drive sizes, and for data rates[citation needed]

xxK or xxM convention in common use anywhere?

GParted uses IEC prefixes for partition sizes

Advanced Packaging Tool and Synaptic Package Manager use standard SI prefixes for file sizes

BitTornado uses IEC prefixes for file sizes and standard SI prefixes for data rates

IBM uses “exabyte” to mean 10246 bytes. “Each address space, called a 64-bit address space, is 16 exabytes (EB) in size; an exabyte is slightly more than one billion gigabytes. The new address space has logically 264 addresses. It is 8 billion times the size of the former 2-gigabyte address space, or 18,446,744,073,709,600,000 bytes.”

2008

NIST guidelines require use of IEC prefixes KiB, MiB … (and not kB, MB) for binary byte multiples

p29, he names and symbols for the prefixes corresponding to 2 10 , 2 20 , 2 30 , 2 40 , 2 50 , and 2 60 are, respectively: kibi, Ki; mebi, Mi; gibi, Gi; tebi, Ti; pebi, Pi; and exbi, Ei. Thus, for example, one kibibyte is also written as 1 KiB = 2 10 B = 1024 B, where B denotes the unit byte. Although these prefixes are not part of the SI, they should be used in the field of information technology to avoid the non-standard usage of the SI prefixes.

2009

Apple Inc. uses the SI decimal definitions for capacity (e.g., 1 kilobyte = 1000 bytes) in the Mac OS X v10.6 operating system to conform with standards body recommendations and avoid conflict with hard drive manufacturers’ specifications.

References

^ a b The Jargon File (version 4.4.7)

^ Waldrop Lecture Transcript

^ Computer History Museum’s Stretch collection

^ The first magnetic core memory, from the IBM 405 Alphabetical Accounting Machine. (Frank da Cruz, Columbia University Computing History, Jan 2001)

^ E W Pugh, Building IBM: Shaping an Industry and Its Technology

^ IBM 701

^ The IBM 701 Defense Calculator

^ IBM Manual: Principles of Operation Type 701 and associated equipment

^ IBM Archives: IBM 737 Magnetic core storage unit

^ IBM Customer Engineering Reference Manual 737 Magnetic Core Storage

^ IBM Manual: 704 electronic data-processing machine manual of operation

^ 702 Preliminary Manual of Information

^ Timeline of the IBM Stretch/Harvest Era (1956-1961)

^ IBM Archives: 650 RAMAC announcement press release

^ 705 Operating manual

^ Lewis, W.D., Coordinated broadband mobile telephone system, IRE Transactions on Vehicular Communications, Jun 1957, Volume: 9, Issue: 1, pages 4348.

^ The symbol K used in 8K and 32K could have meant 1000 or 1024

^ The IBM Stretch Collection (Computer History Museum)

^ Gaunt, W., Jr.; Weller, D. (1961-02-17). “A 12-Kilobit, 5-Microsecond Twistor Variable Store” (PDF). Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers. IV. (Bell Labs., Inc., Murray Hill, NJ, USA): IEEE International. pp. 106107. http://www.paritycomputing.com/jpdfs/ieee/ssc/ireissc4/1961004/01feb/0106gaun.pdf. Retrieved 2007-03-22.

^ Halina, J. (September 1961). “The Telephone Channel in a Global Communications System”. Communications, IEEE Transactions. 9. IEEE International. pp. 247252. ISSN 0096-2244. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=1097700. Retrieved 2007-03-22.

^ IBM 7090 Data Processing System, Additional Core Storage – RPQ E02120

^ 1410 Data Processing System

^ Sonquiest, John A. (December 1962). “Fixed-word-length arrays in variable-word-length computers”. Communications of the ACM (ACM Press) 5 (12): pg 602. doi:10.1145/355580.369093. “The following scheme for assigning storage for fixed-word-length arrays seems to meet these criteria and has been used successfully in working with linear arrays on a 4k IBM 1401.”.

^ Ludwig, G.H. (August 1963). “The Orbiting Geophysical Observatories”. Space Science Reviews 2 (2): 175218. doi:10.1007/BF00216779. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963SSRv….2..175L. Retrieved 2007-03-22. “The data handling bit rates can be set by ground command at 1000, 8000, or 64 000 bits per second for the EGO missions, or at 4000, 16 000, or 64 000 bits per second for the POGO missions. … depending on whether the 1, 4, 8, 16, or 64 kilobit rate is in use.”.

^ DEC Serial Drum Type 24

^ Honeywell 200 Summary Description

^ Amdahl, Gene M.; Gerrit Blaauw; Fred Brooks (April 1964). “Architecture of the IBM System/360″ (PDF). IBM Journal of Research and Development (IBM) 8 (2). http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/441/amdahl.pdf. Figure 1 gives storage (memory) capacity ranges of the various models in “Capacity 8 bit bytes, 1 K = 1024″

^ Gordon Bell: Books, Computers, Interviews, Papers, Patents, Projects, Videos

^ http://research.microsoft.com/users/GBell/Digital/Pulse Height Analyzer Leng and bellc.pdf C. G. Bell, J. Leng, J. A. Quarrington and P. K. Patwardham, “A Time-Shared Computer for Real-Time Information Processing,” Instrumentation Techniques in Nuclear Pulse Analysis, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, Washington, D. C. Publication 1184, Report #40, (1964).

^ IBM Archives: System/360 Announcement

^ IBM 7090/7094 Support Package for IBM System/360

^ 1401 Simulator for OS/360

^ IBM System/360 Component Descriptions

^ PDP-11 Handbook

^ IBM Archives: System/370 Model 155 (continued)

^ Who Invented the Intel 1103 DRAM Chip

^ IBM System/360 Operating System: Storage Estimates

^ ACM SIGMICRO Newsletter, Volume 4, Issue 3 (October 1973), ISSN:1050-916X

^ PDP-11/40 Manual

^ http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/186/ibmrd1806D.pdf

^ CDC Product Line Card

^ Computer structures: What have we learned from the PDP-11?

^ DEC RK05/RK05J/RK05F disk drive maintenance manual

^ Memorex 1976 annual report

^ Caleus Model 206-306 Maintenance Manual

^ Shugart SA 400

^ HP 7905A Disc Drive Operator’s Manual

^ VAX11/780 Architecture Handbook

^ DEC RM02/03 Adapter Technical Description Manual

^ Fujitsu M228X Manual

^ Sperry Univac Series V77 Microcomputer Systems Brochure

^ 8086 Object Module Formats

^ Quantum Q2000 8″ Media Fixed Disk Drive Service Manual

^ http://www.macmothership.com/gallery/MiscAds/diskIIIa.gif

^ http://www.macmothership.com/gallery/MiscAds/diskIIIb.gif

^ Brochure for the IBM Personal Computer (PC).

^ Seagate ST 506/412 OEM Manual

^ IBM 341 4-inch Diskette Drive

^ Maxtor XT-1000 brochure

^ Byte Magazine

^ http://www.maclovers.com/antiquariato/media/2gs_desktop.gif

^ Seagate Universal Installation Handbook

^ later document

^ GEOS ad

^ http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/disc/ra90/EK-ORA90-SV-003_RA90_RA92_Service_Jun90.pdf

^ Micropolis 1528 Rigid Disk Drive Product Description

^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Windows_3.11_workspace.png

^ Micropolis 4410 Disk Drive Information

^ http://foldoc.org/?query=exabyte Free online Dictionary of Computing

^ http://foldoc.org/?query=zettabyte Free online Dictionary of Computing

^ http://foldoc.org/?query=yottabyte Free online Dictionary of Computing

^ Prefixes for binary multiples

^ A method to compress and anonymize packet traces Internet Measurement Conference archive, Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Internet Measurement table of contents San Francisco, California, USA Session: Dealing with high speed links and other measurement challenges table of contents Pages: 257 – 261 Year of Publication: 2001 ISBN 1-58113-435-5 Author Markus Peuhkuri Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland

^ “IEEE-SA STANDARDS BOARD STANDARDS REVIEW COMMITTEE (RevCom) MEETING AGENDA”. 2005-03-19. http://standards.ieee.org/board/rev/305agenda.html. Retrieved 2007-02-25. “1541-2002 (SCC14) IEEE Trial-Use Standard for Prefixes for Binary Multiples [No negative comments received during trial-use period, which is now complete; Sponsor requests elevation of status to full-use.] Recommendation: Elevate status of standard from trial-use to full-use. Editorial staff will be notified to implement the necessary changes. The standard will be due for a maintenance action in 2007.”

^ “A brief history of virtual storage and 64-bit addressability”. http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/zoslnctr/v1r7/topic/com.ibm.zconcepts.doc/zconcepts_102.html. Retrieved 2007-02-17.

^ Barry N. Taylor & Ambler Thompson Ed. (PDF). The International System of Units (SI). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. pp. 23. http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP330/sp330.pdf. Retrieved 2008-06-18.

^ “News – Snow Leopard: 1 GB = 1000 MB”. macprime.ch. 2009-06-19. http://www.macprime.ch/news/article/snow-leopard-1-gb-1000-mb/. Retrieved 2009-08-29.

^ “How Mac OS X reports drive capacity”. Apple. 2009-08-27. http://support.apple.com/kb/TS2419. Retrieved 2009-08-30.

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I am China Manufacturers writer, reports some information about stackers with ephedra , super slim capsule.

10 LONDON BUILDINGS THAT MIGHT HAVE BEEN

Fri, 21 Oct 2011 19:04:08 +0000

10 LONDON BUILDINGS THAT MIGHT HAVE BEEN

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10 LONDON BUILDINGS THAT MIGHT HAVE BEEN

Posted: Oct 19, 2010 |

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The following are London buildings and landmarks that were
proposed but never built.
1.Watkin’s Tower
Soon after the building of the Eiffel Tower in 1889, a patriotic railway tycoon and MP called Sir Edward Watkin, convinced that anything the French could do, the British could do better, proposed the construction of a tower in Wembley Park that would be 150 feet taller than its Parisian counterpart. The tower would accommodate restaurants, theatres, a ballroom and a Turkish bath. Unfortunately Watkin’s faith in British technology was, in this instance, unjustified. The tower reached a height of only 200 feet before money and the will to continue with the project ran out. The tower was abandoned and eventually dynamited out of existence in 1907. Its foundations were re-discovered when the foundations for the new Wembley Stadium were being dug.
2.Wren’s Giant Pineapple
Sir Christopher Wren had already been involved in plans to renovate St Paul’s Cathedral before the Great Fire destroyed the building and made a completely new edifice possible. Six days before the fire broke out in Pudding Lane, Wren presented a design for St Paul’s which included a dome to replace the dangerously dilapidated spire. On top of the dome was an elongated stone pineapple, more than 60 feet high. The fruit had only recently been introduced to England and Wren was clearly struck by its shape and texture. The ‘Pineapple Design’, as it has come to be known, was dropped from all future Wren
blueprints for the cathedral.
3.The Primrose Hill Necropolis
In the early decades of the nineteenth century, London faced a crisis in the management of its dead. The population was rising so steeply that the city’s existing churchyards and burial grounds were unable to cope with the numbers dying each year. New solutions had to be found. One was proposed by an architect called Thomas Willson in 1829. Willson’s idea was to build a gargantuan pyramid on Primrose Hill which would house more than five million corpses. With a base the same size as Russell Square, the pyramid would have 94 storeys and access to them would have been via a large number of steam- powered lifts.
4.The Greenwich Britannia
In 1799, the sculptor John Flaxman published a short pamphlet in which he proposed the building of a naval monument in Greenwich Park. The monument was to take the shape of a gigantic, 230-foot tall figure of Britannia who would stand in the park looking out over the Thames. An illustration in the pamphlet, engraved by Flaxman’s friend William Blake* showed the huge statue, holding spear and shield, with a lion peeping out from behind her skirts. ‘It is a work,’ Flaxman wrote, ‘intended to last as long as the Trajan Column, the Amphitheatre or the Pyramids of Egypt.’ In the event, few people shared his confidence. The statue of Britannia was not even built.

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5.The Trafalgar Square Pyramid
One of the busiest advocates of grand schemes to ‘improve’ London in the first half of the nineteenth century was Colonel Sir Frederick William Trench MP. If Trench had had his way, Trafalgar Square would have been adorned not with Nelson’s Column but with a twenty-two tier pyramid taller than St Paul’s. The edifice would have cost a million pounds to build, which Trench considered’ an expense not burthensome to the nation’. The nation begged to differ. The pyramid got no further than the drawing-board of the architects Philip and Matthew Cotes Wyatt.
6. Trench’s Elevated Railway
Undeterred by the failure of his Trafalgar Square plans, Sir Frederick Trench was on hand in the 1840s to propose an elevated railway running along the Thames from London Bridge to Hungerford Bridge. A grand colonnade would be built by the river. On its upper level carriages would travel, drawn by a power-driven cable. Beneath its shade, sheltered from both sun and rain, pedestrians would stroll, impressed by what Trench called ‘a feature of utility amid magnificence not to be equalled in any capital in Europe’. This was the decade of ‘railway mania’ but even the most maniacal of investors realised that Trench’s plan was a financial non-starter and he was unable to raise the money to build it.
7. The Great Victorian Way
In 1855, the designer of the Crystal Palace, Sir Joseph Paxton, presented a proposal to a parliamentary committee for a ‘Grand Girdle Railway and Boulevard under Glass’. The railway would circle London for 12 miles and would be built above ground and within a glass arcade incorporating shops and houses. Linking all the main railway termini, ‘The Great Victorian Way’, as Paxton suggested the development should be called, would soar above the filth and smoke of nineteenth-century London. For those living in the houses under glass, the atmosphere would be ‘almost equal to going to a foreign climate and would prevent many infirm persons being obliged to go into foreign countries in the winter’. Sadly, the cost of Paxton’s visionary plan would be £34 million. At a time when Brunei’s entire Great Western Railway had cost
only £6 million, the price of the Great Victorian Way was clearly prohibitive and the parliamentary committee, while impressed by Sir Joseph’s ideas, felt unable to proceed any further.
8.Brunei’s Great Exhibition Hall
Before Sir Joseph Paxton’s design for what became known as the Crystal Palace was adopted, there were innumerable other plans put forward in 1850 and 1851 for a Great Exhibition Hall. Many were by more eminent and renowned architects and engineers than Paxton. One of those who submitted plans was Isambard Kingdom Brunei. Described by one writer who saw the blueprints as ‘a vast, squat, brick warehouse four times the length and twice the width of St Paul’s Cathedral’, Brunei’s building would have required 15 million bricks in its construction. It was to have been topped by an iron dome that, again, would have been larger than that of St Paul’s.
9.Standing Crystal Palace on its End
Just as the Millennium Dome has proved to be a difficult structure to re-use, Paxton’s Crystal Palace presented a problem when the Great Exhibition finished in 1851. What was to be done with it? Although there were those who argued that it should stay where it was, most people realised that it simply took up too much space in its original location, Hyde Park. One architect called Burton had an ingenious solution. Why not just stand the Crystal Palace on its end? Burton published drawings, showing the Crystal Palace neatly transformed into a glass tower 1000 feet high but, in the event, moving the building to Sydenham seemed an easier option.
10.The Crystal Tower Bridge
In the midst of World War II, an architect called WFC Holden approached the committee charged with responsibility for London’s bridges with an imaginative suggestion for remodelling Tower Bridge. The bridge was to be entirely encased in glass. Thus converted, Tower Bridge would not only provide a crossing over the river but could also incorporate hundreds of thousands of square feet of airy office space which makes it so popular for the tourists and prefered place to look around for vacation rental London. No mention was made of how the Bridge could open to allow ships passage through it and Holden’s scheme was not pursued with any enthusiasm.

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Visit Houses of Parliament in London, United Kingdom

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The City of Bath

Thu, 20 Oct 2011 19:08:37 +0000

The City of Bath

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The City of Bath

Posted: Nov 09, 2010 |Comments: 0
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Bath is a beautiful City in the South West of England. It is situated 97 miles west of London with a population of 83,992.

The city was first established as a spa resort with the Latin name, Aquae Sulis which means the waters of Sulis, by the Romans in AD 43. The Romans built baths and a temple on the surrounding hills of Bath in the valley of the River Avon around hot springs, which are the only naturally occurring hot springs in the United Kingdom.

Edgar was crowned king of England at Bath Abbey in 973. Much later, it became popular as a spa resort during the Georgian era, this is the era that left the biggest mark on the architecture of Bath with the beautiful Bath stone buildings.

The City of Bath was inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 1987. Tourism is massively important for Bath with over one million staying visitors and 3.8 million day visitors to the city each year. There is a huge amount of culture in Bath, from the Theatres and Museums to the fantastic buildings and architecture.

Bath is at the bottom of the Avon Valley, and near the southern edge of the Cotswold’s, a range of limestone hills designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

The surrounding hills give Bath its steep streets and make its buildings appear to climb the slopes. The water which bubbles up from the ground, as geothermal springs, previously fell as rain on the Mendip Hills. The water bubbles to the surface at temperatures of between 64 to 96 Degrees C. The Bath springs are the only natural hot springs in the UK. Three of these springs feed the thermal baths.

The city has several public parks, the main one being Royal Victoria Park, which is a short walk from the centre of the city. It was opened in 1830 by an 11-year-old Princess Victoria, and was the first park to carry her name. The park is overlooked by the Royal Crescent. It has a variety of attractions, including a skateboard ramp, bowling, tennis courts, a putting green and a 12- and 18-hole golf course, a pond, open air concerts, and a popular children’s play area. It has received a “Green Flag award”, the national standard for parks and green spaces in England and Wales, and is registered by English Heritage as a Park of National Historic Importance. The botanical gardens were formed in 1887 and contain one of the finest collections of plants on limestone in the West Country.

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Other parks in Bath include, Alexandra Park, which crowns a hill and overlooks the city, Parade Gardens, along the river front near the Abbey in the centre of the city, Sydney Gardens, known as a pleasure-garden in the 18th century. Jane Austen wrote of Sydney Gardens that “It would be pleasant to be near the Sydney Gardens. We could go into the Labyrinth every day.”

Alexandra, Alice and Henrietta parks were built into the growing city among the housing developments. There is also a linear park following the old Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway line, and, in a green area adjoining the River Avon, Cleveland Pools were built around 1815. It is now the oldest surviving public outdoor lido in England, and plans have been submitted for its restoration.

One of Bath’s principal industries is tourism, with more than one million staying visitors and 3.8 million day visitors to the city on an annual basis. All significant stages of the history of England are represented within the city, from the Roman Baths (including their significant Celtic presence), to Bath Abbey and the Royal Crescent, to Thermae Bath Spa this decade.

The size of the tourist industry is reflected in the almost 300 places of accommodation including over 80 hotels, and over 180 bed and breakfasts, many of which are located in Georgian buildings. The city also contains about 100 restaurants, and a similar number of public houses and bars.

Several companies offer open-top bus tours around the city, as well as tours on foot and on the river. Since 2006, with the opening of Thermae Bath Spa, the city has attempted to recapture its historical position as the only town in the United Kingdom offering visitors the opportunity to bathe in naturally heated spring waters.

There are many Roman archaeological sites throughout the central area of the city, but the baths themselves are about 6 metres below the present city street level. Around the hot springs, Roman foundations, pillar bases, and baths can still be seen, however all the stonework above the level of the baths is from more recent periods.

Bath Abbey was a Norman church built on earlier foundations, although the present building dates from the early 16th century and shows a late Perpendicular style.

Most buildings in Bath are made from the local Bath Stone, and many date from the 18th and 19th century. The dominant style of architecture in Central Bath is Georgian. Many of the prominent architects of the day were employed in the development of the city. The original purpose of much of Bath’s architecture is concealed by the honey-coloured classical façades, in an era before the advent of the luxury hotel, these apparently elegant residences were frequently purpose-built lodging houses, where visitors could hire a room, a floor, or even an entire house for the duration of their visit, and be waited on by the house’s communal servants.

The Circus consists of three long, curved terraces designed by the elder John Wood to form a circular space inspired by the Coliseum in Rome.

The best known of Bath’s terraces is the Royal Crescent, built between 1767 and 1774 and designed by the younger John Wood. Wood designed the great curved façade of what appears to be about 30 houses with Ionic columns on a rusticated ground floor that was the extent of his input. Each purchaser bought a certain length of the façade, and then employed their own architect to build a house to their own specifications behind it.

This system of town planning is betrayed at the rear of the crescent, here you can see the mixture in building styles. While the front is completely uniform and symmetrical

Around 1770 the architect Robert Adam designed Pulteney Bridge, using as the prototype for the three-arched bridge spanning the Avon an original, but unused, design by Palladio for the Rialto Bridge in Venice. Thus, Pulteney Bridge became not just a means of crossing the river, but also a shopping arcade. The bridge was named after Frances and William Pulteney, the owners of the Bathwick estate for which the bridge provided a link to the rest of Bath.

The heart of the Georgian city was the Pump Rooms, which, together with its associated Lower Assembly Rooms, was designed by Thomas Baldwin, a local builder responsible for many other buildings in the city, including the terraces in Argyle Street, and the Bath Guildhall.

For a vibrant firm of Estate Agents in Bath, with arguably the most experienced team of property professionals working in the Bath Oldfield Park area visit Apple Estates Bath

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Stately Homes in the Lake District

Wed, 19 Oct 2011 19:03:06 +0000

Stately Homes in the Lake District

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Stately Homes in the Lake District

Posted: Nov 11, 2010 |Comments: 0
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Here in the Lake District and Cumbria our major buildings are different in character to those in many other parts of the country. Many started out as small castles, built here in the buffer region between more populous parts of England and marauding medieval Scots. Some were simple fortified towers, now built into private farmhouses scattered throughout the east of the county, and others have been developed over the ages into grand stone edifices. Some holiday cottages in the lake district can boast to being part of some of these fine buildings.

Many of the Lake District and Cumbria’s important houses are smaller in scale than those found elsewhere. We do have our massive monuments to elegance, but you can also visit several examples of more modest properties. This is quite a different experience from the ‘walk-along-the-special-carpet’, ‘don’t-lean-over-the rope’ type of property, as it’s often not difficult to imagine yourself transported back in time, living there quietly.

Unlike much of the country, many of our stately homes and castles are still under private or charitable ownership, rather than the National Trust or English Heritage. This has its advantages, as often the personal effects of past owners remain on display, and the interiors aren’t honed to unrealistic perfection.

Our grandest properties are Muncaster Castle on the west coast and Levens Hall, Holker Hall and Sizergh Castle, all in the south of the county.

Muncaster Castle is on an old, old site. The first buildings appeared here in the Roman period, and these foundations underpin a mid thirteenth century pele tower. Every generation of the Pennington family has added to and improved the property, and it is now a very large and impressive house. Highlights include gold-leafed, leather wall coverings, early furniture, portraits and a barrel-vaulted ceiling. This is a great place for youngsters to indulge their Harry Potter fantasies with oak four-posters and a huge, extraordinarily high-ceilinged octagonal library, followed by a visit to some of Hedwig’s friends at the Owl Centre. Muncaster is home to the annual Fools’ Festival, of Blue Peter fame, and promotes itself as a ghost-hunting venue. Opens mid March. Closed Saturdays.

Levens Hall, near Kendal, is a large house that started as a simple defensive pele tower, but was extended into a gentleman’s residence in the sixteenth century. It retains its grand Elizabethan character, with heavy oak panelling, plasterwork ceilings, carved oak furniture and embossed leather ‘wallpaper’. The gardens, which were laid out at the end of the seventeenth century, are Grade 1 listed. The most memorable part is the topiary garden, but they also have an orchard, a herb garden, rose garden and wonderful borders. Opens April . Closed Fridays and Saturdays.

Holker Hall, at Cark-in-Cartmel, near Grange-over-Sands, is a rose-coloured, neo-Elizabethan, Victorian mansion. The present house replaced an Elizabethan original that burned down in the nineteenth century, and the rebuild echoes that style with oak linenfold panelling and moulded plaster ceilings. Like all Victorian reproductions of older styles, the effect is somehow loftier and more theatrical than the original. This is a stately home of the grandest sort, in a wonderful Lake District setting. Opens mid March. Closed Saturdays.

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Sizergh Castle, near Kendal, is a truly splendid National Trust property. Like so many Cumbrian houses, it started off in the medieval period as a defensive tower. The Strickland family transformed it into a magnificent home in the sixteenth century, adding more in the Georgian and Victorian periods. There’s a lot to see and remember here; a medieval banqueting hall with ancient, foot-wide timbers, original weaponry, Elizabethan oak panelling, elaborately carved overmantels, exquisite portraits and four-poster beds. The span of history covered makes this a brilliant place to bring children to show them how grand homes have changed over centuries. Opens mid March, afternoons only. Closed Saturdays.

Dalemain is a smaller but nonetheless substantial home near Ullswater. It’s a surprising place to visit, as the Georgian shell is pretty much just that, encasing a home that is more Elizabethan and medieval than Georgian. Some rooms, such as the drawing room decorated in stunning Chinese hand-painted paper, speak of the later period, but the oak panelling, fretwork ceilings and newel staircase shout of the earlier.

Hutton-in-the-Forest, north of Penrith, is not as well known as it should be. Built in the ancient Royal Forest of Inglewood – and indeed, the resident is still Lord Inglewood – Hutton-in-the-Forest is linked enigmatically to the story of Gawain and the Green Knight, and to a knight of the round table, who may, or may not, have lived near here. Hutton, too started as a defensive pele tower – how those Scots have dictated the architecture of the region! – with additions from many following periods. The original tower is possibly the most memorable part of Hutton, with its impossibly thick walls and display of weaponry. There’s also a wonderful Elizabethan long gallery and a drawing room designed by Anthony Salvin in the later nineteenth century. Opens in the afternoons only from 31st March – 11th April, then from 28th April for the season. Open Weds, Thurs, Sun and Bank Holiday Mondays.

Mirehouse, west of Keswick, has a strong Lake District character, overlooked by Skiddaw, with grounds rolling down to Bassenthwaite Lake. It has poetic links in abundance, wonderful gardens, and access to the tiny, lakeside church of St Bega. The house itself, founded in the late seventeenth century with late eighteenth and nineteenth century additions, is more smart than grand. Its claim to fame is its extensive collection of the works of the fifteenth/sixteenth century writer, Francis Bacon, and letters from Tennyson, Carlyle, Southey, Wordsworth and Constable. It’s best to go to Mirehouse on a fine day, so that you can enjoy the Rhododendron walk, the woods and the path down to the lake. Opens end of March, Wednesday and Sunday afternoons only (and Fridays in August). There are several Keswick cottages in the area also which is an added bonus for visiting Mirehouse.

Brantwood overlooks Coniston water and was the home of John Ruskin. It’s not easy to sum up Ruskin’s contribution to Victorian thinking, but it was profound and radical, extending to philosophy, art, philanthropy and social commentary. The house has a Ruskin video, a number of portraits, Ruskin’s drawings, copies of the Turner paintings he loved, examples of Ruskin lace and pottery and some furnishings. The site has wonderful lake views, best appreciated on the terrace café. Open daily.

Cumbria’s smaller houses are often absolutely charming. Try these for size…

Townend, at Troutbeck, near Windermere, is a seventeenth century yeoman’s house. It is built in Lakes vernacular style, with characteristic round chimneys and whitewashed exterior with flagged kitchen floors, narrow passages and a tiny, twisting staircase. This atmospheric cottage has a lot of dark oak furniture, carved ornately by a nineteenth-century resident. One of my favourite places in the Lakes. Open in February and March for guided tours only, otherwise from April. Closed Mondays and Tuesdays.

Dove Cottage, in Grasmere, needs little introduction. This tiny seventeenth century cottage has achieved fame as the home of William Wordsworth from 1799 to 1808. This is another house of vernacular construction, with lime-washed walls, a slate roof, small latticed windows with panelled oak shutters, slate and oak floors and oak wainscoting. Coleridge, Southey and De Quincy were all regular visitors to Dove Cottage, and de Quincy took over the cottage’s tenantship after the Wordsworths left. The museum is worth visiting for its letters, books, portraits and memorabilia. Dove Cottage is extremely popular with both domestic and international tourists, and only a small number of people are allowed in at a time, so it’s a good idea to go early in the year to avoid the crush. Open daily.

Rydal Mount, near Ambleside, is another house associated with Wordsworth, who lived here from 1813 to 1850 – much longer than he lived at the better-known Dove Cottage. Originally a modest sixteenth century farm worker’s cottage, the house was extended in the mid eighteenth century to form a family house of respectable proportions. There are excellent portraits of William, Dorothy and Mary Wordsworth and much of the Wordsworth’s furniture and books. Opens daily 1st March.

Hill Top, Near Sawrey, Hawkshead, was once home to Beatrix Potter, bought with the proceeds of her books in 1905. Most of this tiny cottage is late seventeenth century, with a small extension built by Beatrix. It is of typical Lakes construction, with rubble walls, a stone roof, stone-flagged floor and panelling. The interiors are exactly as they were in Beatrix’s time; she bequeathed her entire property and land portfolio to the National Trust. There is a small, but pretty, cottage garden. Hill Top is extremely popular with domestic and international visitors and can get very busy. Only a small number of people are allowed in at a time, so there can be a long wait for entry. We recommend visiting early in the season. Open mid February. Closed Fridays except Good Friday.

Many of Cumbria’s smaller properties are located in relatively remote areas, at the end of long, narrow roads. Parking can be tight, and they tend not to have tea rooms or shops, so our advice is to arrive early and take a picnic. They are all splendidly situated with attractive gardens and views.

If you wish to come and stay and sample some of this great history there are plenty of self catering lake district cottages to stay at in areas across Cumbria.

Enjoy!

Sally -
About the Author:

I was born and bred in Eskdale and brought up on a working farm. My family where always branching out into new areas which eventually led to the self catering lake district holiday cottage industry. I’ve followed in those footsteps and enjoy sharing the little hidden gems the Lake District has to offer.

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A Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World

Tue, 18 Oct 2011 19:04:20 +0000

A Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World

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A Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World

Posted: Dec 03, 2010 |Comments: 0
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Picture this. There is only a few of us contestants for a cross country race and the wealth to the winner is grand. The odds do look good. Would you go for the gamble? I think so, I most certainly would go for it. This idea is the basis for a great comedy action race movie, movies such as Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World and Cannonball Run.

The incentive for the prizes on these movies is that people love to gamble on everything. Look at the royal prenuptial occurring right now. As soon as Prince William and Kate announced their engagement, Las Vegas started betting on who will make the dress? Where will the wedding procession occur? What gender will the first born be?

Gambling is not a new concept. In fact I could picture in 2540BC, Pharaoh Khufu looking over miles of desert then looks over at his High Priest standing beside him and says, “I bet you 15 pounds in gold, a pyramid will be there in 20 years.” Apparently Khufu lost, by a few years.

So these movies are gambling stories with a lot of humor and action thrown in. Lets start with the grand daddy of this comedy action movie genre. The first great race movie is ‘It’s a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World’.

It’s a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World – 1963

A robber speeding through the hills of California has a car accident but before he dies he tells four motorists, who stopped to help, where he hid three hundred and sixty thousand dollars. He tells them the money is under the big ‘W’ in Santa Rosa State Park, two hundred miles away. The subtle greed and knowledge of where the loot is located made this race movie into a crazy chase through the desert and streets of California. As they neared the state park more and more people got involved. Little did they know that they were all being tracked by a police officer.

Starring: Spencer Tracy, Jonathan Winters, Mickey Rooney, Sid Caesar, Buddy Hackett, Milton Burle, Phil Silvers, Jimmy Durante, Ethel Merman, Terry-Thomas, Peter Falk, Jim Backus.

Cameo appearances: Don Knotts, Jack Benny, Jerry Lewis, Norman Fell, Buster Keaton, Three Stooges and many, many more stars from that era.

In the Mad, Mad, Mad World movie the treasure hunters traveled on early 1960s cars, airplane, taxi, bicycle and a tow truck. Look for a remake in 2012.

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Those Magnificent Men In Their Flying Machines – 1965

Set in 1910, Lord Rawnsley offers ten thousand pounds to the first pilot to reach Paris From London, which was completed in twenty five hours and eleven minutes. Remember, the Wright Brothers just got their airplane off the ground in 1903, so the zany contraptions in this race that actually flew were quite ridiculous. Directed by, Ken Annakin.

Starring: James Fox, Sarah Miles, Stuart Whitman, Alberto Sordi, Robert Morley with Red Skelton and Benny Hill.

Cannonball Run – 1981

This cross country outlaw road race movie is actually based on a true annual event called ‘Cannonball Baker Sea To Shining Sea Memorial Trophy Dash’ from the 1970s. In this high paced, humorous, action packed movie the eccentric entrants will do anything against each other to win the race. Cars and their passengers are….

Ambulance – Burt Reynolds, Dom DeLuise and Jack Elan (as a crazy doctor) joined later by Farrah Fawcett.

Chevrolet Stock Car – Mel Tillis and Terry Bradshaw.

High-tech computerized Subaru – Jackie Chan and Michael Hui.

Red Ferrari – Dean Martin and Sammy Davis Jr.

Lamborghini Countach – Adrienne Barbeau and Tara Buckman.

Aston Martin DB5 – Roger Moore, who thinks that he is James Bond thanks to his car gadgets and his Mom.

Rolls-Royce Silver Shadow – Jamie Farr as an oil rich Sheik.

Cannonball Run is definitely a fine crafted race movie.

Rat Race – 2001

A group of wealthy billionaires in Las Vegas love betting on unique contests. A new scheme developed by the head of this uncompassionate club, Donald P. Sinclair, is to put six separate gold coins into six different slot machines. The six winners of these coins get a chance at owning two million dollars which is in a secret locker in Silver City. No rules, just who gets to the locker first, wins. Hilarious antics follow these six odd groups of contestants in this race movie that starts from Las Vegas, Nevada and ends in Silver City, New Mexico.

The greedy contestant groups are….

Mother and daughter – Whoopi Goldberg, Lanei Chapman.

Future lawyer and beautiful helicopter pilot – Breckin Meyer, Amy Smart.

Two rambunctious brothers – Seth Green, Vince Vieluf.

Hated NFL referee – Cuba Gooding Jr.

Narcoleptic Italian man and ambulance driver – Rowan Atkinson, Wayne Knight.

Jewish man and family – Jon Lovitz, Kathy Najimy.

Billionaire and casino club owner, Donald P. Sinclair and aide – John Cleese, Dave Thomas.

The contestants trek takes them on a journey that involves a train, chartered bus, hot air balloon, helicopter, monster truck, ambulance, rocket car and Hitler’s vintage car being chased by angry Nazis. The story ends with a Smash Mouth charity concert and a twist. This movie is a modern version of Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World, where Cannonball Run is more of a race movie.

Smokey And The Bandit – 1977

This is not a movie where the competitive edge is vying against others, it’s a race against time. Two Southern tycoons, Big Enos and his son Little Enos give a challenge to two professional semi-truck drivers, Bandit and Cledus. The challenge is for these two drivers to pick up a trailer load of bootleg beer from Texarkana, Texas and return back the four hundred cases to Georgia in twenty eight hours (1330 miles). The prize is eighty-thousand dollars a huge amount in those days. Bandit decides to use a fast Pontiac Trans-am as a police decoy for Cledus’s semi to plow through the traffic without any delays. Along the way Bandit picks up a disgruntled bride-to-be. Plenty of laughs in this high- speed pursuit movie. I have driven semi-trucks and a truckers life has a different atmosphere compared to highway driving on a civilian vehicle. The CB radio contributed to this different life style.

Bandit – Burt Reynolds.

Cledus – Jerry Reed.

Bride-To-Be – Sally Field.

Sheriff Buford T. Justice – Jackie Gleason.

Big and Little Enos – Pat McCormick and Paul Williams.

All my favorite action comedy race movies right here. It’s a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World, huge laugh at the end; Those Magnificent Men In Their Flying Machines, wacky contraptions that actually fly; Cannonball Run, Baja racing gone wild; Rat Race, six stories blended into one movie; Smokey And The Bandit, always a great ‘police chase’ favorite. Please enjoy them all.

Cinema Serge

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Alice: Madness Returns Gameplay Trailer

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Enter in the world of madness and check out the Alice: Madness Returns gameplay trailer to find out what craziness awaits for you in the rabbit hole. (01:15)

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I am a freelance writer on subjects of interest, mostly in the cinematic world. Colorful views and comments by delving deep into?all film genres and movie productions of old and new.

Watch Burning Palms Online Free 2010

Mon, 17 Oct 2011 19:04:34 +0000

Watch Burning Palms Online Free 2010

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Watch Burning Palms Online Free 2010

Posted: Dec 30, 2010 |Comments: 0
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]]>

This satirical film is directed by Christopher B. Landon and it talks about the ironies of Los Angeles stereotypes. Jamie Chung, Peter Macdissi and Austin Williams play the leading characters of the movie. The movie centers on a very captivating subject and it is the best segment of it.

Dylan McDermott, Zoe Saldana, Lake Bell, Nick Stahl, Paz Vega and Shannen Doherty will star in Burning Palms, writer/director Christopher Landon’s satire of Los Angeles stereotypes as told through five interlacing stories.

The large ensemble cast also includes Adriana Barraza, Colleen Camp, Jamie Chung, Robert Hoffman, Peter Macdissi, Emily Meade, Anson Mount, Rosamund Pike, Austin Williams and Tom Wright. Each of their characters confronts taboos and an uncertain, often darkly humorous fate.

]]>

The segments are based on popular stereotypes of West Hollywood, Santa Monica, Sherman Oaks, Westwood and Holmby Hills. Check out the teaser trailer for BURNING PALMS which stars Zoe Saldana, Rosamund Pike, Lake Bell, Shannen Doherty, Paz Vega, Robert Hoffman, Jamie Chung, Nick Stahl, Dylan McDermott, and directed by Christopher B. Landon.
writer/director Christopher Landon’s satire of Los Angeles stereotypes as told through five interlacing stories.

Burning Palms Synopsis: Satire of Los Angeles stereotypes as told through five interlacing stories, featuring a large ensemble cast where the characters confront taboos and an uncertain, often darkly humorous fate. The segments are based on popular stereotypes of West Hollywood, Santa Monica, Sherman Oaks, Westwood and Holmby Hills.

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About the Author:

Netwebsite.In Is A Free Website Where You Can Watch Full Movie Free. To View The Full Hollywood Movies Online Click http://Netwebsite.In

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New 3D Imaging Allows Plastic Surgery Patients To See How They Will Appear After Most Procedures

Sun, 16 Oct 2011 19:04:58 +0000

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New 3D Imaging Allows Plastic Surgery Patients To See How They Will Appear After Most Procedures

Posted: Feb 09, 2011 |Comments: 0
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The Vectra 3D Models Imaging System utilizes special cameras and dynamic soft tissue modeling technology to generate actual 3D models, and calculates a realistic outcome based upon volume, distance, shape, placement, gravity and precise measurements.

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For patients wanting more information or for an in-person demonstration of the system, please contact Dr. Bruno in his Beverly Hills office, at 1-800-DR-BRUNO, or go online to www.williambrunomd.com

The first and only full system in Los Angeles is now in the offices of Dr. William Bruno.

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